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Books Four Thousand Weeks: Time Management for Mortals

Ten Tools for Embracing Your Finitude

Adopt a “fixed volume” approach to productivity.
keep two to-do lists. one ‘open’ and one ‘closed’. The open list is for everything that’s on your plate and will doubtless be nightmarishly long. Fortunately, it’s not your job to tackle it: instead, feed tasks from the open list ot the closed one – that is, a list with a fixed number of entries, ten at most. The rule is that you can’t add a new task until one’s completed.

Serialize, serialize, serialize.
Focus on one big project at a time, and see it to completion before moving on to what’s next. It’s alluring to try to alleviate the anxiety of having too many responsibilities or ambitions by getting started on them all at once, but you’ll make little progress that way.

Decide in advance what to fail at.
You’ll inevitably end up underachieving at something, simply because your time and energy are finite. But the great benefit of strategic underachievement – that is, nominating in advance whole areas of life in which you won’t expect excellence of yourself – is that you focus that time and energy more effectively.

Focus on what you’ve already completed, not just on what’s left to complete.
Keep a “done list”, which starts empty first thing in the morning, and which you then gradually fill with whatever you accomplish through the day. Each entry is another cheering reminder that you could, after all, have spent the day doing nothing remotely constructive – and look what you did instead!

Consolidate your caring.
Consciously pick your battles in charity, activism, and politics, with the understanding that to make a difference, you must focus your finite capacity for care.

Embrace boring and single-purpose technology.
Choose devices with only one purpose, such as the Kindle e-reader, on which it’s tedious and awkward to do anything but read. Less distractions this way.

Seek out novelty in the mundane.
Pay more attention to every moment, however mundane: to find novelty not by doing radically different things but by plunging more deeply into the list you already have. Experience life with twice the usual intensity, and “your experience of life would be twice as full as it currently is” – and any period of life would be remembered as having lasted twice as long.

Be a “researcher” in relationships.
Try deliberately adopting an attitude of curiosity, in which your goal isn’t to achieve any particular outcome, or successfully explain your your position, but as Hobson puts it “to figure out who this human being is that we’re with”.

Cultivate instantaneous generosity.
Whenever a generous impulse arises in your mind – to give money, check in on a friend, send an email praising someone’s work – act on the impulse right away, rather than putting it off until later.

Practice Doing Nothing.
“Do nothing meditation”, for which the instructions are to simply set a timer, probably only for five or ten minutes at first; sit down in a chair; and then stop trying to do anything. Every time you notice you’re doing something – including thinking, or focusing on your breaching, or anything else – stop doing it. Keep on stopping until the timer goes off. “Nothing is harder to do than nothing”, writes Jenny Odell. But to get better at it is to begin to regain your autonomy – to stop being motivated by the attempt to evade how reality feels here and now, to calm down, and to make better choices with your brief allotment of life.

Categories
Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know

Actions for Impact – Collective Rethinking

Have More Nuanced Conversations

  1. Complexify contentious topics. There are more than two sides to every story. Instead of treating polarizing issues like two sides of a coin, look at them through the many lenses of a prism. Seeing the shades of grey can make us more open.
  2. Don’t shy away from caveats and contingencies. Acknowledging competing claims and conflicting results doesn’t sacrifice interest or credibility. It’s an effective way to engage audiences while encouraging them to stay curious.
  3. Expand your emotional range. You don’t have to eliminate frustration or even indignation to have a productive conversation. You just need to mix in a broader set of emotions along with them – you might try showing some curiosity or even admitting confusion or ambivalence.

Teach Kids to Think Again

  1. Have a weekly myth-busting discussion at dinner. It’s easier to debunk false beliefs at an early age, and it’s a great way to teach kids to become comfortable with rethinking. Pick a different topic each week – one day it might be dinosaurs, the next it could be outer space – and rotate responsibility around the family for bringing a myth for discussion.
  2. Invite kids to do multiple drafts and seek feedback from others. Creating different versions of a drawing or a story can encourage kids to learn the value of revising their ideas. Getting input from others can also help them to continue evolving their standards. They might learn to embrace confusion – and to stop expecting perfection on the first try.
  3. Stop asking kids what they want to be when they grow up. They don’t have to define themselves in terms of a career. A single identity can close the door to alternatives. Instead of trying to narrow their options, help them broaden their possibilities. They don’t have to be one thing – they can do many things.

Create Learning Organizations

  1. Abandon best practices. Best practices suggest that the ideal routines are already in place. If we want people to keep rethinking the way they work, we might be better off adopting process accountability and continually striving for better practices.
  2. Establish psychological safety. In learning cultures, people feel confident that they can question and challenge the status quo without being punished. Psychological safety often starts with leaders role-modeling humility.
  3. Keep a rethinking scorecard. Don’t evaluate decisions based only on the results: track how throughly different opinions are considered in the process. A bad process with a good outcome is luck. A good process with a bad outcome might be a smart experiment.

Stay Open to Rethinking Your Future

  1. Throw out the ten-year plan. What interested you last year might bore you this year – and what confused you yesterday might become exciting tomorrow. Passions are developed, not just discovered. Planning just one step ahead can keep you open to rethinking.
  2. Rethink your actions, not just your surroundings. Chasing happiness can chase it away. Trading one set of circumstances for another isn’t always enough. Joy can was and wane, but meaning is more likely to last. Building a sense of purpose often starts with taking actions to enhance your learning or your contributions to others.
  3. Schedule a life checkup. It’s easy to get caught in escalation of commitment to an unfulfilling path. Just as you schedule health checkups with your doctor, it’s worth having a life checkup on your calendar once or twice a year. It’s a way to assess how much you’re learning, how your beliefs and goals are evolving, and whether your next steps warrant some rethinking.
  4. Make time to think again. When i looked at my calendar, I noticed that it was mostly full of doing. I set a goal of spending an hour a day thinking and learning. Now I’ve decided to go further: I’m scheduling a weekly time for rethinking and unlearning. I reach out to my challenge network and ask what ideas and opinions they think I should be reconsidering.
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Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know

Actions for Impact – Interpersonal Rethinking

Ask Better Questions

  1. Practice the art of persuasive learning. When you’re trying to open other people’s minds, we can frequently accomplish more by listening than by talking. How can you show an interest in helping people crystallize their own views and uncover their own reasons for change? A good way to start is to increase your question-to-statement ratio.
  2. Question how rather than why. When people describe why they hold extreme views, they often intensify their commitment and double down. When they try to explain how they would make their views a reality, they often realize the limits of their understanding and start to temper some of their opinions.
  3. Ask how people originally formed an opinion. Many of our opinions, like our stereotypes, are arbitrary; we’ve developed them without rigorous data or deep reflection. To help people reevaluate, prompt them to consider how they’d believe different thinks if they’d been born at different time or in a different place.

Approach Disagreements as Dances, Not Battles

  1. Acknowledge common ground. A debate is like a dance, not a war. Admitting points of convergence doesn’t make you weaker – it shows that you’re willing to negotiate about what’s true, and motivates the other side to consider your point of view.
  2. Remember that less is often more. If you pile on too many different reasons to support your case, it can make your audience defensive – and cause them to reject your entire argument based on its least compelling points. Instead of diluting your argument, lead with a few of your strongest points.
  3. Reinforce freedom of choice. Sometimes people resist not because you’re dismissing the argument but because they’re rejecting the feeling of their behavior being controlled. It helps to respect their autonomy by reminding them that it’s up to them to choose what they believe.
  4. Have a conversation about conversation. If emotions are running hot, try redirecting the discussion to the process. Like the expect negotiators who comment on their feelings and test their understanding of the other side’s feelings, you can somethings make progress by expressing your disappointment or frustration and asking people if they share it.
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Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know

Actions for Impact – Individual Rethinking

Develop the Habit of Thinking Again

  1. Think like a scientist. When you start forming an opinion, resist the temptation to preach, prosecute or politick. Treat your emerging view as a hunch or a hypothesis and test it with data. Like the entrepreneurs who learned to approach their business strategies as experiments, you’ll maintain the agility to pivot.
  2. Define your identity in terms of values, not opinions. It’s easier to avoid getting stuck to your past beliefs if you don’t become attached to them as part of your present self-concept. See yourself as someone who values curiosity, learning, mental flexibility and searching for knowledge. As you form opinions, keep a list of factors that would change your mind.
  3. Seek out information that goes against your views. You can fight confirmation bias, burst filter bubbles, and escape eco chambers by actively engaging with ideas that challenge your assumptions. An easy place to start is to follow people who make you think – even if you usually disagree with what they think.

Calibrate Your Confidence

  1. Beware of getting stranded at at the summit of Mount Stupid. Don’t confuse confidence with competence. The Dunning-Kruger effect is a good reminder that the better you think you are, the greater the risk that you’re overestimating yourself – and the greater the odds that you’ll stop improving. To prevent overconfidence in your knowledge, reflect on how well you can explain a given subject.
  2. Harness the benefits of doubt. When you find yourself doubting your ability, reframe the situation as an opportunity for growth. You can have confidence in your capacity to learn while questioning your current solution to a problem. Knowing what you don’t know is often the first step toward developing expertise.
  3. Embrace the joy of being wrong. When you find out you’ve made a mistake, take it as a sign that you’ve just discovered something new. Don’t be afraid to laugh at yourself. It helps you focus less on proving yourself – and more on improving yourself.

Invite Others to Question Your Thinking

  1. Learn something new from each person you meet. Everyone knows more than you about something. Ask people what they’ve been rethinking lately, or start a conversation about times you’ve changed your mind in the past year.
  2. Build a challenge network, not just a support network. It’s helpful to have cheerleaders encouraging you, but you also need critics to challenge you. Who are you most thoughtful critics? Once you’ve identified them, invite them to question your thinking. To make sure they know you’re open to dissenting views, tell them why you respect their pushback – and where they usually add the most value.
  3. Don’t shy away from constructive conflict. Disagreements don’t have to be disagreeable. Although relationship conflict is usually counterproductive, task conflict can help you think again. Try framing disagreement as a debate: people are more likely to approach it intellectually and less likely to take it personally.
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Behave: The Biology of Humans at our Best and Worst

Chapter 4: Hours to Days Before

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Behave: The Biology of Humans at our Best and Worst

Chapter 3: Seconds to Minutes Before

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Behave: The Biology of Humans at our Best and Worst Books

Chapter 2: One Second Before